G163 (LEFT)
Imperial
#17 18
Roman
Imperial #17 18 Roman
Leon Levy and Shelby White Court
Art of Imperial Rome
Changing faces of imperial portraiture:
ever youthful Augustus
Bearded philhellene Hadrian and successors
Heavenward gaze of Constantine
nymphaeum - fountain house
2nd AD: large sarcophagi became standard
Julius Caesar party: populares
Large broad chest - characteristic of middle 1st AD (Julio Claudian period)
this hard realistic style began 1st BC, last till mid 1st AD. Later revived intermittently
Looped hair - Apollo of 6-5 BC
archaizing figure was popular in Roman
Roman Portraits
2001.443 Bronze Statue
himation - cloak
Right hand stretching out from the folds of his himation, with palm open and fingers curled upward in a gesture of oration
himation is kept in place by the tasseled weight thrown over his left shoulder
Hypereides
anti Macedonia
defense of the hetaira (courtesan) Phryne
Phryne - model for Aphrodite Knidos
Greek: represent entire body in portrait / Rome: just head
Stoic:
Kleanthes - pupil of Zeno
Epicurean School: in uncertainty, men should seek pleasure and peace, guided by moderation and harmony of nature
less influencial in 1 BC
Demosthenes
great orator, anti Macedonia
Still popular in Roman time
Orator trait: unhappy but determined expression: countenance of a noble fanatic, great mind, passionate patriot
Socrates - appearance based on silenos, follower of Dionysos who is not unruly but wise tutor to young D
Herodotos - Histories
Cicero call him father of history
Write with fact and fiction
Hellenistic Thoughts:
1st: 400 BC
Plato academy
Aristotle Peripatos: place for walking
Lyceum
2nd:
Zeno School at Stoa Poikile: painted colonnade
Agora, marketplace
Kepos, garden of Epikouros
Zeno - Chrysippos - Epikouros
Cynics
no meeting place, roam streets and agora
Other Hellenistic world: Macedonia court at Pella and Seleucid rulers of Antioch: patronage of knowledge
model developed by Ptolemaic kings in Alexandria
Library and Mouseion: early day museum
Pastoral poetry
3 BC by Sicilian port Theokritos - 2 BC follower of Moschos and Bion
Aphrodite Anadyomene - hair binding
might derive from a famous painting
nebris - fawn skin
Apollo bronze in Lykeion - open space for Atheletics and philosophy - became prototype for Apollo
feminine feature
15.146
gentle transition from oval face to soft hair is a Hellenistic feature
10.210.23
soft modeling, deep-set eyes, upward turn are early H feature
/ consummate skill in basalt, one of hardest stones
Early H: began strong twisting motion meant for enjoying from many angles
Nine muses following Apollo
inspiration to art, poetry, music
Each with identifying attribute
oscilla - marble disk on peristyle of villas
most decorated on both sides
Images related to Dionysos and theatrical masks often found in Pompeii
Nude with cloak draped over left shoulder - mostly for Hermes
/ bird stretch down to eat from sheaves of wheat, rooster nibble branches
Attenuated design
Dark incrustation: bury for a long time
Mid 1AD Julio C:
expanse chest, full fleshy face and neck
Boy: Reduced scale, carefully combed hair with bang part in the center
1 AD Late Republic: uncompromisingly realistic manner that accentuate individual feature and effect of age
value of Republic: old fashioned morality, serious responsible public hearings courageous endurance in battle, prestige comes as the result of age, experience, competition among equals
carefully observed bony structured intense frowned, deeply etched wrinkles, tight lipped mouth
Arimasp
Processions of Gods iconography: Hermes, Athena, Apollo, Artemis
Togatus - man wearing a toga
tunic and over it a toga
toga: woolen with rounded edges
Decline in popularity in 1AD
August made toga unofficial state dress required in forum to revive ancient values
Julius Caesar: broad forehead, narrow chin, long scrawny neck
Pedum - shepherd’s crook
Ketos - sea monster
Emperors are chief state priest
Statue show emperor in act of prayer or sacrifice with fold of toga pulls up to cover head as a mark of piety
Genius: protective sprite of living emperor
Julio-Claudian commemorate group: standing half draped male
members of imperial family, living or dead, are displayed together in public spaces
Scholar argue that: Draping o mantle around hips and over arm is iconography of the honored person is deceased
Acanthus decorated with birds is found on Ara Pacis, Arretine pottery
Medusa popular in mosaic: protect household
Roman imperial court lady hairstyle changing is well decument: thus we can date
coiffure with rounded halo of curls and tight braids tied at nape of neck - similar to Domitia Longina, Domitian’s wife
Trajanic, Trajan wife: high crescent shaped hairpiece
Hadrianic, late 1 and early 2: more complex hairstyle: hairpiece with added hair and concealed framework form high diadem like structure surrounding face
Trajan: resolute expression, simple yet studied arrangement of locks at forehead
Cipollino Verde - greenish marble desired for its polychromy
also found in Hadrian Tivoli
/ Branches of young ivy and cluster of berry issue from the central stalk that rises vertically from an ornate calyx Krater at the base.
How they treat corner reliefs:
Corner of roof or balustrade relief: a thick stalk would emerge from a bed of floppy acanthus to spread out in vines that encircle large flowers
Upward gaze is character of portraits from a Antonine onward (AD 138-161)
like imperial family (hers or all family members of Roman imperial are depicted this way?) depicted with idealized youthful face and complex coiffure with braided hairpiece
Dominican palace on Palatine 81-92AD
Aula Regis: main audience chamber
Highly polished and engraved eyes: Hadrian period
Antinoos character: head slightly to leg and gaze downward, tousled hair hanging long in the back
favorite of Hadrian, cult flourish in East, his hometown Bithynia
A man of people who didn’t have official or imperial status but became god
Early Hadrian reigns beard short and face is serene and gay expression
Roman shave off beard when reach maturity in late 20, but Hadrian kept, started a new fashion until Constantine
Kept beard due to his love of Greek culture, bread = wisdom maturity