G156
Athens
#13
Athens #13
Greek in 5 BCE
Athens 5th
480 defeat P at Platea
479 form league
454/453 leagues treasury move from Delos to Akropolis
direct democracy: political equality and equality before law
kleidthenes reform, weaken aristocrats
Perikles constitutional reform, constructed Parthenon
431 other cities form Peloponnesian League, 30 years war, 404 Athens defeated
Arts
480 end of Persian war
Early Classic: 480-450
figures with noble awareness and restrained emotion
Attribute virtue of moderation and self control as their victory over Persians
High Classic Mid 5th
Parthenon
Timeless, idealized serenity, beauty, calculated proportion
Transience of flickering treatment of wind blown hair and drapery
Literature
Most famous poet: Pindar
Aristocrats commissioned him odes for Panhellenic winners. aristocratic family strive for areté - excellence overcoming obstacles
Drama developed from dithyramb, coral song by fifty singers at festival
Festival of Dionysus: tragic poets do three and a satyr play; comic playwright do one play
Masterpieces: Oresteia, Oedipus Tyrannus, Bacchae
Philosophy
End of century: arrived at theories based on observation and reason
Thales of Miletus: origin of matter
Leuciopus: atomic particles
Pythagoras of Samos: numeral structure
Socrates: equate Good with Knowledge
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Greek 7th: one circle and two triangular or lines indicate 眼角
Greek 6th: eyes like inset with two circles and two triangle or lines indicate 眼角, fist hands sometimes not draw finger lines
Greek 5th: finger lines always there
women eyes are always fish eye (enclosed or two parallel lines up and dow) enclosing a pupil, naturalistic. 5th is when men gradually like women
Greek 4th: eyes as acute angle and popping eye (what we see eyes on profile view) represented by a curve
Statues of Harmodios and Aristogeiton
most famous pair of statues in antiquity
Heroized figures were the only statues Athenian allowed in the Agora for 100 years
“Tyrannicide Group”
H: rise sword over head, ready to deliver a slashing downward stroke
A: cloak wrapped around outstretching left arm, read to thrust his sword with right hand
The Seven against Thebes: cut a lock of hair and tie to chariot that carries the lone survivor
Trireme
Fashion:
Belted peplos
chiton
high polo (headdress) - a goddess
Chlamys - short cloak
Petasos - broad brimmed hat
Principle coinage of Athens: Athens head on one side, owl the other
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severe style: heavy drapery and quiet stance - sculpture of 2nd quarter 5th
\\ don the armor - put on
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1st half 5th
main theme is victory over Persian, but mostly mythological, this is a rare one of actual battle
Panhellenic games at Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, and Ishmia
Others games athletes compete in other cities:
Panathenaic games at Athens…
Athenian boys received three elementary educations at three places:
read write arithmetic at various private institutions
lyre and sing from a lyre master
Gymnastic at palaestra
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\\ a boy trudge to school carrying a writing tablet 跋涉
suggest they are playing school, pretend to be a teacher
Apollo
kithara: leader of nine muses and patron of arts
Attributes: bow, lyre
Youthful god presides wide variety of activities: imitation of boys into manhood to utterance of oracles
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long narrow face + wig like hair: early style
But legs are models underneath drapery: late 5th
\\ businesslike: (of clothing, fashion) practical not decorative
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late archaic style: sharply cut curls, narrow eyes, closed lip raised at the corners in a smile
L1999108
holes at a crown of head for meniskos: statuebmust have stood in the open
Many marble ears are perched for metal earrings
Herald’s staff: kerykeion
herald carry as travel from city to city
Herms: rectangular pillars with (mostly Hermes) deity head mark boundaries, at gateways and entrances to cities or towns
Hermes: guardian of boundary, protector of traveler
/ flat back of neck, coarse and groves hair: indicate herm head
Agora: Athenian public areas
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/ Greek masted 3d perspective very well: baby Herakles kneeing position
Hyakinthos: Apollo loved the youth but killed by accident throwing a diskos
represented riding a swan: bird of Apollo
Centaur
5th Centaur began to appear in monumental representations
Theseion wall paintings
Partheon also
Greek Religion
Twelve deities
Zeus: ox and oak tree are sacred to him
Two brothers Hades and Poseidon
Sister and wife Hera: cow-eyed, depicted wearing tall polo crown
Athena: full armor, snaky aegis (protective bib), helmet and spear. Also patroness of weaving and carpentry
Youthful Apollo: kithara lyre, or bow. Delphi sanctuary is center of universe
Apollo sister Artemis, patroness of hunting
Hermes: winged sandals and herald staff caduceus
Aphrodite: goddess of love
Dionysos: wine and theater
Ares: war
Lame Hephaistos: craftsmanship
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simplified form, full jaw, thick eyelids: transitional work between Archaic and Early Classical
Despite smile, head gives seriousness of early 5th
12.59 marble steel
short hair, well defined jaw, unsmiling mouth: early 5th
1814561 Nike
wind blown drapery, ridge like folds of curved patterns: elegant mannered of late 5th to early 4
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sweet expression, hair in coils like a melon: 4th
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regular feature and simplified plane of face impart a quiet dignity and serenity: high classical